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Signposting expectant parents, parents of babies (0-12 months), and professionals to current evidence-based guidance
Frequent Questions Parents Have About Their Baby aged 0 to 12 Months
Frequent Questions Parents Have About Their Baby ages 0 to 12 Months
NBSS Newborn Blood Spot Test
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Newborn Hearing Screening
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Newborn Watery and Sticky Eyes
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Newborn Dry, Peeling Skin
It is normal for a newborn's skin to peel.
This usually happens within the first few days to weeks after birth. Peeling skin is a natural process as the baby's skin adjusts to the new environment outside the womb.
Here are some key points to keep in mind:
• Peeling Skin: Common on the hands, feet, and ankles, and can occur all over the body.
• Causes: Peeling is part of the shedding of the outer layer of skin, which was protected by vernix in the womb.
• No Treatment Needed: Typically, no special treatment is needed. Just keep the baby’s skin moisturized with a gentle, fragrance-free lotion if recommended by a healthcare provider.
• Gentle Care: Continue to use plain water for bathing and avoid harsh soaps or cleansers during the first month.
General Your Baby's Skin Care
• Delicate Skin at Birth: Newborns have very thin and easily damaged skin which matures over the first month. Premature babies take longer to develop this natural barrier.
• Vernix: The white, sticky substance on a newborn's skin acts as a natural moisturizer and protects against infection. It should not be removed.
• Bathing: Use plain water only for bathing your baby during the first month. Avoid cleansers, lotions, and medicated wipes.
• Premature Babies: Their skin is even more fragile, and neonatal staff will provide specific skincare advice.
• Overdue Babies: They might have extra dry and cracked skin because the protective vernix was absorbed before birth.
*** If you notice any signs of infection, persistent redness, or other unusual skin conditions, consult your GP, Health Visitor or Midwife. Always consult medical professionals GP, Pharmacist, Health Visitor or Midwife for diagnosis and treatment.
Please click and follow the link with up-to-date guidance signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0
This usually happens within the first few days to weeks after birth. Peeling skin is a natural process as the baby's skin adjusts to the new environment outside the womb.
Here are some key points to keep in mind:
• Peeling Skin: Common on the hands, feet, and ankles, and can occur all over the body.
• Causes: Peeling is part of the shedding of the outer layer of skin, which was protected by vernix in the womb.
• No Treatment Needed: Typically, no special treatment is needed. Just keep the baby’s skin moisturized with a gentle, fragrance-free lotion if recommended by a healthcare provider.
• Gentle Care: Continue to use plain water for bathing and avoid harsh soaps or cleansers during the first month.
General Your Baby's Skin Care
• Delicate Skin at Birth: Newborns have very thin and easily damaged skin which matures over the first month. Premature babies take longer to develop this natural barrier.
• Vernix: The white, sticky substance on a newborn's skin acts as a natural moisturizer and protects against infection. It should not be removed.
• Bathing: Use plain water only for bathing your baby during the first month. Avoid cleansers, lotions, and medicated wipes.
• Premature Babies: Their skin is even more fragile, and neonatal staff will provide specific skincare advice.
• Overdue Babies: They might have extra dry and cracked skin because the protective vernix was absorbed before birth.
*** If you notice any signs of infection, persistent redness, or other unusual skin conditions, consult your GP, Health Visitor or Midwife. Always consult medical professionals GP, Pharmacist, Health Visitor or Midwife for diagnosis and treatment.
Please click and follow the link with up-to-date guidance signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0
Rashes in Babies and Children
Please click and follow the link below for up to date Guidance on Rashes in babies and children. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Atopic Eczema
As stated in the https://www.what0-18.nhs.uk/parentscarers/worried-your-child-unwell/eczema
Atopic eczema is a common skin condition, often occurring in childhood, with up to 1 in 5 children estimated to be affected by eczema at some point.
• It typically improves with age, with more than half of children growing out of it by their teens.
• It belongs to a group of related, inherited allergy-related conditions, including asthma and allergic rhinitis.
• Atopic eczema tends to run in families; if one or both parents have eczema, their children are more likely to develop it too.
Atomic Eczema might present:
• Atopic eczema can appear anywhere on the skin, but it often affects joints' creases like elbows and knees, as well as wrists and neck.
• Typically, affected skin shows redness, dryness, and common scratch marks, occasionally leading to bleeding.
• During active phases, eczema may exude moisture, forming small blisters, particularly on hands and feet.
• Persistent scratching can lead to skin thickening (lichenification), exacerbating itchiness.
• Skin pigmentation changes may occur in affected areas, appearing darker or lighter than surrounding skin.
*** Consult your GP, Health Visitor or Midwife for an assessment of your baby skin symptoms and discuss and review, possible triggers and treatment plan.
*** Consult a GP, call 111, dial 999, or visit the Emergency Department if you are concerned about your baby's presentation, rash, symptoms, and feel that your baby needs a medical review.
Please follow the link bellow for information and guidance on:
• What are the symptoms of atopic eczema?
• What does atopic eczema look like?
• Diagnosing eczema
• Treating eczema
• What factors are likely to exacerbate my child’s eczema?
• What can I do to help my child?
Please click and follow the link below for further up to date information and guidance on atopic eczema. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Atopic eczema is a common skin condition, often occurring in childhood, with up to 1 in 5 children estimated to be affected by eczema at some point.
• It typically improves with age, with more than half of children growing out of it by their teens.
• It belongs to a group of related, inherited allergy-related conditions, including asthma and allergic rhinitis.
• Atopic eczema tends to run in families; if one or both parents have eczema, their children are more likely to develop it too.
Atomic Eczema might present:
• Atopic eczema can appear anywhere on the skin, but it often affects joints' creases like elbows and knees, as well as wrists and neck.
• Typically, affected skin shows redness, dryness, and common scratch marks, occasionally leading to bleeding.
• During active phases, eczema may exude moisture, forming small blisters, particularly on hands and feet.
• Persistent scratching can lead to skin thickening (lichenification), exacerbating itchiness.
• Skin pigmentation changes may occur in affected areas, appearing darker or lighter than surrounding skin.
*** Consult your GP, Health Visitor or Midwife for an assessment of your baby skin symptoms and discuss and review, possible triggers and treatment plan.
*** Consult a GP, call 111, dial 999, or visit the Emergency Department if you are concerned about your baby's presentation, rash, symptoms, and feel that your baby needs a medical review.
Please follow the link bellow for information and guidance on:
• What are the symptoms of atopic eczema?
• What does atopic eczema look like?
• Diagnosing eczema
• Treating eczema
• What factors are likely to exacerbate my child’s eczema?
• What can I do to help my child?
Please click and follow the link below for further up to date information and guidance on atopic eczema. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Cradle Cap
As stated in the https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cradle-cap/
Cradle cap is a common, harmless skin condition in babies that usually resolves on its own within 6 to 12 months.
Cause:
• The exact cause of cradle cap is unknown, but it is not due to poor hygiene or allergies.
• Cradle cap is not infectious and cannot be caught from another person.
• It is believed that overactive sebaceous glands in the baby's skin produce excess oil (sebum) shortly after birth.
• Malassezia, a yeast present on the baby's skin, may also trigger a reaction contributing to cradle cap.
Symptoms include:
• greasy, scaly patches on the scalp and face, and sometimes small dry flakes in the nappy area.
• the skin under the scales may appear pink/red on white skin, or lighter/darker on brown/black skin.
• It is not itchy or painful and does not spread from baby to baby.
Helpful measures include:
• massaging an emollient on the scalp, gently brushing, and using unperfumed baby shampoo.
Avoid:
• using olive oil, peanut oil, soap, or adult shampoos, and do not pick at the crusts.
• hair may come away with the scales but will regrow.
• pharmacists can recommend suitable emollients, unperfumed baby shampoos, and barrier creams.
*** Consult a GP if the condition does not improve, spreads over the body, or if the crusts bleed, leak fluid, or the areas look swollen, as these may indicate infection or other conditions.
Please click and follow the link below for further up to date guidance on Cradle Cap. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Cradle cap is a common, harmless skin condition in babies that usually resolves on its own within 6 to 12 months.
Cause:
• The exact cause of cradle cap is unknown, but it is not due to poor hygiene or allergies.
• Cradle cap is not infectious and cannot be caught from another person.
• It is believed that overactive sebaceous glands in the baby's skin produce excess oil (sebum) shortly after birth.
• Malassezia, a yeast present on the baby's skin, may also trigger a reaction contributing to cradle cap.
Symptoms include:
• greasy, scaly patches on the scalp and face, and sometimes small dry flakes in the nappy area.
• the skin under the scales may appear pink/red on white skin, or lighter/darker on brown/black skin.
• It is not itchy or painful and does not spread from baby to baby.
Helpful measures include:
• massaging an emollient on the scalp, gently brushing, and using unperfumed baby shampoo.
Avoid:
• using olive oil, peanut oil, soap, or adult shampoos, and do not pick at the crusts.
• hair may come away with the scales but will regrow.
• pharmacists can recommend suitable emollients, unperfumed baby shampoos, and barrier creams.
*** Consult a GP if the condition does not improve, spreads over the body, or if the crusts bleed, leak fluid, or the areas look swollen, as these may indicate infection or other conditions.
Please click and follow the link below for further up to date guidance on Cradle Cap. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Oral Thrush (mouth thrush) and Breastfeeding and Thrush
As per NHS (2024) Infant feeding can become very painful due to a fungal infection known as thrush, caused by Candida albicans.
Signs of thrush in the baby include:
• white patches on tongue and mouth
• nappy rash.
• fretful
• windy
• difficult to settle
• reluctant to feed
Treatment for babies:
• DAKTARIN® Miconazole 2% oral gel *** if your baby is under 4 months you will need to see your GP for a prescription.
• apply the gel 4 times/day
• For correct application follow the patient information leaflet.
• Do Not put it to the back of your baby’s mouth as this may cause choking.
• Do Not give DAKTARIN® Gel from a spoon or syringe.
• DAKTARIN® Gel is available for purchase over the counter at a pharmacy for a baby over the age of 4 months.
• It is important to continue the treatment for a whole week after your baby is symptom free.
Breastfeeding and thrush:
Breastfeeding can lead to thrush, causing extreme pain in both breasts simultaneously. It often follows a course of antibiotics. Ensure your midwife or health visitor checks your baby's attachment, as poor attachment can mimic thrush pain.
Signs of thrush in the nursing parent may include:
• Initially healed sore, cracked nipples may lead to sudden painful feeding.
• Nipples may itch/burn, appear pink, shiny, and moist.
• Severe pain may persist after feeding.
• If pain persists despite correct positioning, thrush treatment for both mother and baby is necessary, even without visible signs in the baby.
• Warfarin users should avoid Miconazole cream and consult a GP if thrush is suspected.
Treatment of mother:
• Use DAKTARIN® 2% Cream: Apply small amount after each feed, wipe excess before next feed.
• Apply after every breastfeed for 2 weeks.
• Continue treatment for a week after both mother and baby are symptom-free.
• DAKTARIN® Cream is available over the counter at pharmacies.
*** Seek help: Pharmacist or health visitor for non-urgent concerns
*** See a GP urgently if your baby's symptoms worsen and you become concerned. Call 999 or attend the Emergency Department if you feel extremely concerned about your baby's symptoms and they require medical review.
References:
NHS. (2024). Worried about your baby? My baby has thrush. NHS. https://www.what0-18.nhs.uk/worried-your-baby-unwell-under-3-months-2/worried-about-your-baby/my-baby-has-thrush [accessed[accessed 26 May 2024]
NHS. (2024). Oral thrush in babies. NHS. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/oral-thrush-mouth-thrush/ [accessed 2
NHS. (2024). Thrush while breastfeeding. NHS. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/breastfeeding-and-bottle-feeding/breastfeeding-problems/thrush/[accessed 26 May 2024]
Please click and follow the link with up-to-date guidance signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0
Signs of thrush in the baby include:
• white patches on tongue and mouth
• nappy rash.
• fretful
• windy
• difficult to settle
• reluctant to feed
Treatment for babies:
• DAKTARIN® Miconazole 2% oral gel *** if your baby is under 4 months you will need to see your GP for a prescription.
• apply the gel 4 times/day
• For correct application follow the patient information leaflet.
• Do Not put it to the back of your baby’s mouth as this may cause choking.
• Do Not give DAKTARIN® Gel from a spoon or syringe.
• DAKTARIN® Gel is available for purchase over the counter at a pharmacy for a baby over the age of 4 months.
• It is important to continue the treatment for a whole week after your baby is symptom free.
Breastfeeding and thrush:
Breastfeeding can lead to thrush, causing extreme pain in both breasts simultaneously. It often follows a course of antibiotics. Ensure your midwife or health visitor checks your baby's attachment, as poor attachment can mimic thrush pain.
Signs of thrush in the nursing parent may include:
• Initially healed sore, cracked nipples may lead to sudden painful feeding.
• Nipples may itch/burn, appear pink, shiny, and moist.
• Severe pain may persist after feeding.
• If pain persists despite correct positioning, thrush treatment for both mother and baby is necessary, even without visible signs in the baby.
• Warfarin users should avoid Miconazole cream and consult a GP if thrush is suspected.
Treatment of mother:
• Use DAKTARIN® 2% Cream: Apply small amount after each feed, wipe excess before next feed.
• Apply after every breastfeed for 2 weeks.
• Continue treatment for a week after both mother and baby are symptom-free.
• DAKTARIN® Cream is available over the counter at pharmacies.
*** Seek help: Pharmacist or health visitor for non-urgent concerns
*** See a GP urgently if your baby's symptoms worsen and you become concerned. Call 999 or attend the Emergency Department if you feel extremely concerned about your baby's symptoms and they require medical review.
References:
NHS. (2024). Worried about your baby? My baby has thrush. NHS. https://www.what0-18.nhs.uk/worried-your-baby-unwell-under-3-months-2/worried-about-your-baby/my-baby-has-thrush [accessed[accessed 26 May 2024]
NHS. (2024). Oral thrush in babies. NHS. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/oral-thrush-mouth-thrush/ [accessed 2
NHS. (2024). Thrush while breastfeeding. NHS. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/breastfeeding-and-bottle-feeding/breastfeeding-problems/thrush/[accessed 26 May 2024]
Please click and follow the link with up-to-date guidance signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0
Baby Nails
An ingrown nail or toenail in a baby occurs when the corners or edges of the nail grow into the surrounding skin.
Babies get ingrown toenails from sharp nail corners, cutting nails too short, or tight shoes.
If a baby's fingers are red around the skin, it could be due to several reasons:
- Irritation or allergic Reaction to soap, lotion, or fabric.
- Infection: Bacterial or fungal infections can cause redness, swelling, and sometimes pus.
- Sucking or Chewing on their fingers, which can lead to temporary redness and irritation.
It's important to keep the area clean and dry, avoid potential irritants, and monitor for signs of infection (such as increased redness, swelling, or pus).
If the redness persists, spreads, or is accompanied by other symptoms like fever, consult your GP for proper diagnosis and treatment.
You can try some home treatments if there is no pus, excessive redness or fluid and your baby does not have a fever.
• Soak the affected toe in warm, soapy water 2-3 times a day
• Gently massage the toe or fingers to ease the nail out from the skin
• Pat the toe/finger dry without rubbing
• Speak to your pharmacist for an over-the-counter cream to prevent infection
• Check shoes and consult GP if infection signs are present
• Ingrown nails may fix themselves if not infected; otherwise, see GP if redness spreads or fever develops
Preventing recurrence:
• Regularly check your Baby's toes and fingers
• Trim toenails and fingernails straight across
• Ensure your Infant shoes fit well
• Ensure fingers corner skin are not getting stuck in ie : baby hand mitts
** Consult your GP:
• Needs attention if red, swollen, leaking fluid and appears painful
• After a week of home treatment if signs of infection persist (swelling, redness, pus, bleeding)
• See a GP, call 111. immediately if fever develops or redness spreads. Call 999 or attend Emergency Department if you become extremely concerned with you baby’s presentation and symptoms.
Always consult medical professionals for diagnosis and treatment
Guidance as stated in the following sources:
Sources:
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/caring-for-a-newborn/washing-and-bathing-your-baby/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ingrown-toenail/
https://www.bdct.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Babies-and-Childrens-Feet-Leaflet.pdf
https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/ingrown-toenail
https://www.verywellfamily.com/caring-for-baby-toenails-284174
Please click and follow the link below for up to date guidance on caring for your newborn. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Babies get ingrown toenails from sharp nail corners, cutting nails too short, or tight shoes.
If a baby's fingers are red around the skin, it could be due to several reasons:
- Irritation or allergic Reaction to soap, lotion, or fabric.
- Infection: Bacterial or fungal infections can cause redness, swelling, and sometimes pus.
- Sucking or Chewing on their fingers, which can lead to temporary redness and irritation.
It's important to keep the area clean and dry, avoid potential irritants, and monitor for signs of infection (such as increased redness, swelling, or pus).
If the redness persists, spreads, or is accompanied by other symptoms like fever, consult your GP for proper diagnosis and treatment.
You can try some home treatments if there is no pus, excessive redness or fluid and your baby does not have a fever.
• Soak the affected toe in warm, soapy water 2-3 times a day
• Gently massage the toe or fingers to ease the nail out from the skin
• Pat the toe/finger dry without rubbing
• Speak to your pharmacist for an over-the-counter cream to prevent infection
• Check shoes and consult GP if infection signs are present
• Ingrown nails may fix themselves if not infected; otherwise, see GP if redness spreads or fever develops
Preventing recurrence:
• Regularly check your Baby's toes and fingers
• Trim toenails and fingernails straight across
• Ensure your Infant shoes fit well
• Ensure fingers corner skin are not getting stuck in ie : baby hand mitts
** Consult your GP:
• Needs attention if red, swollen, leaking fluid and appears painful
• After a week of home treatment if signs of infection persist (swelling, redness, pus, bleeding)
• See a GP, call 111. immediately if fever develops or redness spreads. Call 999 or attend Emergency Department if you become extremely concerned with you baby’s presentation and symptoms.
Always consult medical professionals for diagnosis and treatment
Guidance as stated in the following sources:
Sources:
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/caring-for-a-newborn/washing-and-bathing-your-baby/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ingrown-toenail/
https://www.bdct.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Babies-and-Childrens-Feet-Leaflet.pdf
https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/ingrown-toenail
https://www.verywellfamily.com/caring-for-baby-toenails-284174
Please click and follow the link below for up to date guidance on caring for your newborn. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Jaundice
As stated in the https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/
Jaundice in newborns is common and generally harmless. It results in yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, known as neonatal jaundice. This condition usually resolves without treatment by the time the baby is about two weeks old. However, it's important to monitor the baby's symptoms and seek medical advice if they worsen.
Symptoms:
• Yellowing of the skin (more noticeable on palms and soles in darker skin)
• Dark yellow urine (normal urine should be colorless)
• Pale-colored poo (normal should be yellow or orange)
• Onset and Duration: Symptoms typically appear 2 days after birth and improve by 2 weeks.
• Initial Examination: Newborns are checked for jaundice within 72 hours of birth.
• When to Seek Help: If jaundice develops after 72 hours or symptoms worsen, contact a healthcare provider.
• By the time a baby is about 2 weeks old, their liver is more effective at processing bilirubin, so jaundice often corrects itself by this age without causing any harm.
Causes:
• High turnover of red blood cells
• Underdeveloped liver less effective at removing bilirubin.
Commonality:
• 6 in 10 babies develop jaundice.
• More common in premature babies (8 in 10)
• Only 1 in 20 babies require treatment for high bilirubin levels
• Breastfeeding: Increases the risk but benefits outweigh risks.
Treatment:
• Not usually needed unless bilirubin levels are very high
• Phototherapy: Special light treatment
• Exchange Transfusion: Replacing baby's blood with donor blood.
• Complications: Untreated severe jaundice can cause kernicterus (permanent brain damage), which is very rare in the UK.
*** Seek an urgent GP appointment or call NHS 111 if your baby's jaundice worsens, reappears, or if a cluster of symptoms is present. Call 999 or go to A&E if you become severely concerned about your baby's appearance, symptoms, or presentation, such as:
• Worsen yellow or orange discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes, spreading to the abdomen, arms, and legs.
• Poor feeding: Reluctance or inability to feed, which may lead to dehydration.
• Lethargy: Unusual drowsiness or difficulty in waking the baby.
• High-pitched cry: A shrill or high-pitched cry indicating discomfort or distress.
• Dark urine: Urine that is dark yellow or brown instead of the normal colorless.
• Pale or chalky stools: Stools that are pale, chalky, or white, rather than the typical yellow or orange.
• Arched back and stiff limbs: Signs of discomfort or abnormal muscle tone, such as arching the back or stiffness.
• Seizures: Convulsions or seizures indicating severe neurological involvement.
If a newborn exhibits any of these symptoms, it is crucial to seek immediate medical care to prevent complications such as kernicterus, which is a form of brain damage caused by very high levels of bilirubin.
Please click and follow the link below for further up to date information on Jaundice. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
For more details on symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of jaundice in babies, consult the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg98/ifp/chapter/About-this-information
Jaundice in newborns is common and generally harmless. It results in yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, known as neonatal jaundice. This condition usually resolves without treatment by the time the baby is about two weeks old. However, it's important to monitor the baby's symptoms and seek medical advice if they worsen.
Symptoms:
• Yellowing of the skin (more noticeable on palms and soles in darker skin)
• Dark yellow urine (normal urine should be colorless)
• Pale-colored poo (normal should be yellow or orange)
• Onset and Duration: Symptoms typically appear 2 days after birth and improve by 2 weeks.
• Initial Examination: Newborns are checked for jaundice within 72 hours of birth.
• When to Seek Help: If jaundice develops after 72 hours or symptoms worsen, contact a healthcare provider.
• By the time a baby is about 2 weeks old, their liver is more effective at processing bilirubin, so jaundice often corrects itself by this age without causing any harm.
Causes:
• High turnover of red blood cells
• Underdeveloped liver less effective at removing bilirubin.
Commonality:
• 6 in 10 babies develop jaundice.
• More common in premature babies (8 in 10)
• Only 1 in 20 babies require treatment for high bilirubin levels
• Breastfeeding: Increases the risk but benefits outweigh risks.
Treatment:
• Not usually needed unless bilirubin levels are very high
• Phototherapy: Special light treatment
• Exchange Transfusion: Replacing baby's blood with donor blood.
• Complications: Untreated severe jaundice can cause kernicterus (permanent brain damage), which is very rare in the UK.
*** Seek an urgent GP appointment or call NHS 111 if your baby's jaundice worsens, reappears, or if a cluster of symptoms is present. Call 999 or go to A&E if you become severely concerned about your baby's appearance, symptoms, or presentation, such as:
• Worsen yellow or orange discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes, spreading to the abdomen, arms, and legs.
• Poor feeding: Reluctance or inability to feed, which may lead to dehydration.
• Lethargy: Unusual drowsiness or difficulty in waking the baby.
• High-pitched cry: A shrill or high-pitched cry indicating discomfort or distress.
• Dark urine: Urine that is dark yellow or brown instead of the normal colorless.
• Pale or chalky stools: Stools that are pale, chalky, or white, rather than the typical yellow or orange.
• Arched back and stiff limbs: Signs of discomfort or abnormal muscle tone, such as arching the back or stiffness.
• Seizures: Convulsions or seizures indicating severe neurological involvement.
If a newborn exhibits any of these symptoms, it is crucial to seek immediate medical care to prevent complications such as kernicterus, which is a form of brain damage caused by very high levels of bilirubin.
Please click and follow the link below for further up to date information on Jaundice. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
For more details on symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of jaundice in babies, consult the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg98/ifp/chapter/About-this-information
"Breast Milk Jaundice"
Breastfeeding may increase the likelihood of a baby developing jaundice.
- It's not necessary to stop breastfeeding if jaundice occurs, as symptoms usually pass within a few weeks.
- Some breastfed babies can have jaundice for up to 12 weeks, but it's important to have this checked by a health visitor or GP to refer to the Prolonged Jaundice Clinic to rule out serious causes.
- The benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the potential risks of jaundice.
- Babies being treated for jaundice may need extra fluids and more frequent feeds.
- The cause of increased jaundice in breastfed babies is unclear, but theories suggest breast milk may reduce the liver's ability to process bilirubin.
This type of jaundice is sometimes referred to as "breast milk jaundice".
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/causes/
- It's not necessary to stop breastfeeding if jaundice occurs, as symptoms usually pass within a few weeks.
- Some breastfed babies can have jaundice for up to 12 weeks, but it's important to have this checked by a health visitor or GP to refer to the Prolonged Jaundice Clinic to rule out serious causes.
- The benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the potential risks of jaundice.
- Babies being treated for jaundice may need extra fluids and more frequent feeds.
- The cause of increased jaundice in breastfed babies is unclear, but theories suggest breast milk may reduce the liver's ability to process bilirubin.
This type of jaundice is sometimes referred to as "breast milk jaundice".
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/causes/
Prolonged Jaundice Screening
Prolonged jaundice screening, as outlined by the NHS, is a diagnostic process used to monitor and assess jaundice in newborns that persists beyond the typical timeframe.
Jaundice in newborns is often caused by the natural breakdown of haemoglobin, and it usually resolves on its own within the first two weeks of life. However, if jaundice lasts longer than this, it could be indicative of underlying issues, such as liver problems, infections, or other metabolic conditions.
The screening typically involves:
1. Assessment of bilirubin levels: Measuring the amount of bilirubin in the baby's blood to determine if it is higher than normal.
2. Medical history and physical examination: Reviewing the baby's overall health, feeding patterns, and any other symptoms.
3. **Additional tests**: Depending on the findings, further tests might be conducted, such as liver function tests or blood tests to check for infections or other conditions.
Prolonged jaundice screening helps ensure that any serious underlying conditions are identified and managed appropriately. If you’re concerned about jaundice or any persistent symptoms in your baby, consulting a healthcare professional is always a good step.
***General Information:
Jaundice
As stated in the https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/
Jaundice in newborns is common and generally harmless.
Symptoms:
• Yellowing of the skin (more noticeable on palms and soles in darker skin)
• Dark yellow urine (normal urine should be colorless)
• Pale-colored poo (normal should be yellow or orange)
• Onset and Duration: Symptoms typically appear 2 days after birth and improve by 2 weeks.
• Initial Examination: Newborns are checked for jaundice within 72 hours of birth.
• When to Seek Help: If jaundice develops after 72 hours or symptoms worsen, contact a healthcare provider.
• By the time a baby is about 2 weeks old, their liver is more effective at processing bilirubin, so jaundice often corrects itself by this age without causing any harm.
Commonality:
• 6 in 10 babies develop jaundice.
• More common in premature babies (8 in 10)
• Only 1 in 20 babies require treatment for high bilirubin levels
• Breastfeeding: Increases the risk but benefits outweigh risks.
Treatment:
• Not usually needed unless bilirubin levels are very high
• Phototherapy: Special light treatment
• Exchange Transfusion: Replacing baby's blood with donor blood.
• Complications: Untreated severe jaundice can cause kernicterus (permanent brain damage), which is very rare in the UK.
🚨 Seek an urgent GP appointment or call NHS 111 if your baby's jaundice worsens, reappears, or if a cluster of symptoms is present. Call 999 or go to A&E if you become severely concerned about your baby's appearance, symptoms, or presentation, such as:
• Worsen yellow of the skin and the whites of the eyes, spreading to the abdomen, arms, and legs.
• Poor feeding: which may lead to dehydration.
• Lethargy: Unusual drowsiness or difficulty in waking the baby.
• High-pitched cry: A shrill or high-pitched cry indicating discomfort or distress.
• Dark urine: Urine that is dark yellow
• Pale or chalky stools
• Arched back and stiff limbs: Signs of discomfort or abnormal muscle tone, such as arching the back or stiffness.
• Seizures: Convulsions or seizures
Jaundice in newborns is often caused by the natural breakdown of haemoglobin, and it usually resolves on its own within the first two weeks of life. However, if jaundice lasts longer than this, it could be indicative of underlying issues, such as liver problems, infections, or other metabolic conditions.
The screening typically involves:
1. Assessment of bilirubin levels: Measuring the amount of bilirubin in the baby's blood to determine if it is higher than normal.
2. Medical history and physical examination: Reviewing the baby's overall health, feeding patterns, and any other symptoms.
3. **Additional tests**: Depending on the findings, further tests might be conducted, such as liver function tests or blood tests to check for infections or other conditions.
Prolonged jaundice screening helps ensure that any serious underlying conditions are identified and managed appropriately. If you’re concerned about jaundice or any persistent symptoms in your baby, consulting a healthcare professional is always a good step.
***General Information:
Jaundice
As stated in the https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/
Jaundice in newborns is common and generally harmless.
Symptoms:
• Yellowing of the skin (more noticeable on palms and soles in darker skin)
• Dark yellow urine (normal urine should be colorless)
• Pale-colored poo (normal should be yellow or orange)
• Onset and Duration: Symptoms typically appear 2 days after birth and improve by 2 weeks.
• Initial Examination: Newborns are checked for jaundice within 72 hours of birth.
• When to Seek Help: If jaundice develops after 72 hours or symptoms worsen, contact a healthcare provider.
• By the time a baby is about 2 weeks old, their liver is more effective at processing bilirubin, so jaundice often corrects itself by this age without causing any harm.
Commonality:
• 6 in 10 babies develop jaundice.
• More common in premature babies (8 in 10)
• Only 1 in 20 babies require treatment for high bilirubin levels
• Breastfeeding: Increases the risk but benefits outweigh risks.
Treatment:
• Not usually needed unless bilirubin levels are very high
• Phototherapy: Special light treatment
• Exchange Transfusion: Replacing baby's blood with donor blood.
• Complications: Untreated severe jaundice can cause kernicterus (permanent brain damage), which is very rare in the UK.
🚨 Seek an urgent GP appointment or call NHS 111 if your baby's jaundice worsens, reappears, or if a cluster of symptoms is present. Call 999 or go to A&E if you become severely concerned about your baby's appearance, symptoms, or presentation, such as:
• Worsen yellow of the skin and the whites of the eyes, spreading to the abdomen, arms, and legs.
• Poor feeding: which may lead to dehydration.
• Lethargy: Unusual drowsiness or difficulty in waking the baby.
• High-pitched cry: A shrill or high-pitched cry indicating discomfort or distress.
• Dark urine: Urine that is dark yellow
• Pale or chalky stools
• Arched back and stiff limbs: Signs of discomfort or abnormal muscle tone, such as arching the back or stiffness.
• Seizures: Convulsions or seizures
Nevus simplex "Angels Kisses"
Nevus simplex: also known as “salmon patches”is the most common type of vascular birthmark in newborns. These harmless, flat, pink or red patches occur due to the dilation of capillaries (small blood vessels) near the skin’s surface.
Two well-known types of nevus simplex are “stork bites” and “angel kisses”.
Types of Nevus Simplex:
1. Stork Bites: These appear on the back of the neck, often in a V-shape.
2. Angel Kisses: Found on the forehead, eyelids, upper lip, or between the eyebrows.
How They Form:
- Cause: Nevus simplex is formed due to dilation of small blood vessels in certain areas of the skin during fetal development.
- These blood vessels, located close to the skin’s surface, expand (dilate) more than usual, creating the pinkish or reddish color of the birthmark.
- The exact cause of why these capillaries dilate is not fully understood, but it is a benign and natural variation in fetal development.
Appearance:
- Flat, pink to reddish patches on the skin.
- The color may intensify when the baby is crying, upset, or when there is a temperature change.
- They are most commonly found on the forehead, eyelids, upper lip, or back of the neck but can appear elsewhere.
Do They Fade?
- Yes, in most cases, nevus simplex birthmarks fade over time, usually by the age of 1 to 2 years.
- Angel kisses on the face typically disappear faster, often within the first year.
- Stork bites on the back of the neck may take longer to fade, and in some cases, they may persist into adulthood, but less noticeable.
Are They Harmful?
- No, nevus simplex birthmarks are completely harmless and pose no medical risks.
- They are purely cosmetic
- No association with underlying health conditions.
Treatment:
- In most cases, no treatment is needed because the birthmarks tend to fade naturally.
- If they persist and are cosmetically concerning, especially on visible areas like the face, laser treatments can be an option, but this is rarely necessary.
Summary:
Nevus simplex birthmarks are common, harmless vascular birthmarks caused by dilated capillaries during fetal development. They usually fade as the child grows and do not require any treatment.
As stated in the NHS. (2023). Birthmarks. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/birthmarks/ [Link at the bottom of the page]
Birthmarks are colored marks on the skin present at birth or shortly thereafter. Most are harmless and fade without treatment, though some may need medical intervention. Types include salmon patches, strawberry marks, port wine stains, café-au-lait spots, blue-grey spots, and congenital moles. Each type has specific characteristics and treatment options, which may include medication, laser therapy, or surgery for those affecting health or causing complications.
See a GP if:
- you're worried about a birthmark
- a birthmark is close to the eye, nose, or mouth
- a birthmark has got bigger, darker or lumpier
- a birthmark is sore or painful
- your child has 6 or more cafe-au-lait spots
- you or your child has a large congenital mole
The GP may ask you to check the birthmark for changes, or they may refer you to a skin specialist (dermatologist).
Please click and follow the link below for up to date guidance. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Two well-known types of nevus simplex are “stork bites” and “angel kisses”.
Types of Nevus Simplex:
1. Stork Bites: These appear on the back of the neck, often in a V-shape.
2. Angel Kisses: Found on the forehead, eyelids, upper lip, or between the eyebrows.
How They Form:
- Cause: Nevus simplex is formed due to dilation of small blood vessels in certain areas of the skin during fetal development.
- These blood vessels, located close to the skin’s surface, expand (dilate) more than usual, creating the pinkish or reddish color of the birthmark.
- The exact cause of why these capillaries dilate is not fully understood, but it is a benign and natural variation in fetal development.
Appearance:
- Flat, pink to reddish patches on the skin.
- The color may intensify when the baby is crying, upset, or when there is a temperature change.
- They are most commonly found on the forehead, eyelids, upper lip, or back of the neck but can appear elsewhere.
Do They Fade?
- Yes, in most cases, nevus simplex birthmarks fade over time, usually by the age of 1 to 2 years.
- Angel kisses on the face typically disappear faster, often within the first year.
- Stork bites on the back of the neck may take longer to fade, and in some cases, they may persist into adulthood, but less noticeable.
Are They Harmful?
- No, nevus simplex birthmarks are completely harmless and pose no medical risks.
- They are purely cosmetic
- No association with underlying health conditions.
Treatment:
- In most cases, no treatment is needed because the birthmarks tend to fade naturally.
- If they persist and are cosmetically concerning, especially on visible areas like the face, laser treatments can be an option, but this is rarely necessary.
Summary:
Nevus simplex birthmarks are common, harmless vascular birthmarks caused by dilated capillaries during fetal development. They usually fade as the child grows and do not require any treatment.
As stated in the NHS. (2023). Birthmarks. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/birthmarks/ [Link at the bottom of the page]
Birthmarks are colored marks on the skin present at birth or shortly thereafter. Most are harmless and fade without treatment, though some may need medical intervention. Types include salmon patches, strawberry marks, port wine stains, café-au-lait spots, blue-grey spots, and congenital moles. Each type has specific characteristics and treatment options, which may include medication, laser therapy, or surgery for those affecting health or causing complications.
See a GP if:
- you're worried about a birthmark
- a birthmark is close to the eye, nose, or mouth
- a birthmark has got bigger, darker or lumpier
- a birthmark is sore or painful
- your child has 6 or more cafe-au-lait spots
- you or your child has a large congenital mole
The GP may ask you to check the birthmark for changes, or they may refer you to a skin specialist (dermatologist).
Please click and follow the link below for up to date guidance. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Nevus simplex "Stork Bites"
Nevus simplex: also known as “salmon patches”is the most common type of vascular birthmark in newborns.
These harmless, flat, pink or red patches occur due to the dilation of capillaries (small blood vessels) near the skin’s surface.
Two well-known types of nevus simplex are “stork bites” and “angel kisses”.
Types of Nevus Simplex:
1. Stork Bites: These appear on the back of the neck, often in a V-shape.
2. Angel Kisses: Found on the forehead, eyelids, upper lip, or between the eyebrows.
How They Form:
- Cause: Nevus simplex is formed due to dilation of small blood vessels in certain areas of the skin during fetal development.
- These blood vessels, located close to the skin’s surface, expand (dilate) more than usual, creating the pinkish or reddish color of the birthmark.
- The exact cause of why these capillaries dilate is not fully understood, but it is a benign and natural variation in fetal development.
Appearance:
- Flat, pink to reddish patches on the skin.
- The color may intensify when the baby is crying, upset, or when there is a temperature change.
- They are most commonly found on the forehead, eyelids, upper lip, or back of the neck but can appear elsewhere.
Do They Fade?
- Yes, in most cases, nevus simplex birthmarks fade over time, usually by the age of 1 to 2 years.
- Angel kisses on the face typically disappear faster, often within the first year.
- Stork bites on the back of the neck may take longer to fade, and in some cases, they may persist into adulthood, but less noticeable.
Are They Harmful?
- No, nevus simplex birthmarks are completely harmless and pose no medical risks.
- They are purely cosmetic
- No association with underlying health conditions.
Treatment:
- In most cases, no treatment is needed because the birthmarks tend to fade naturally.
- If they persist and are cosmetically concerning, especially on visible areas like the face, laser treatments can be an option, but this is rarely necessary.
Summary:
Nevus simplex birthmarks are common, harmless vascular birthmarks caused by dilated capillaries during fetal development. They usually fade as the child grows and do not require any treatment.
These harmless, flat, pink or red patches occur due to the dilation of capillaries (small blood vessels) near the skin’s surface.
Two well-known types of nevus simplex are “stork bites” and “angel kisses”.
Types of Nevus Simplex:
1. Stork Bites: These appear on the back of the neck, often in a V-shape.
2. Angel Kisses: Found on the forehead, eyelids, upper lip, or between the eyebrows.
How They Form:
- Cause: Nevus simplex is formed due to dilation of small blood vessels in certain areas of the skin during fetal development.
- These blood vessels, located close to the skin’s surface, expand (dilate) more than usual, creating the pinkish or reddish color of the birthmark.
- The exact cause of why these capillaries dilate is not fully understood, but it is a benign and natural variation in fetal development.
Appearance:
- Flat, pink to reddish patches on the skin.
- The color may intensify when the baby is crying, upset, or when there is a temperature change.
- They are most commonly found on the forehead, eyelids, upper lip, or back of the neck but can appear elsewhere.
Do They Fade?
- Yes, in most cases, nevus simplex birthmarks fade over time, usually by the age of 1 to 2 years.
- Angel kisses on the face typically disappear faster, often within the first year.
- Stork bites on the back of the neck may take longer to fade, and in some cases, they may persist into adulthood, but less noticeable.
Are They Harmful?
- No, nevus simplex birthmarks are completely harmless and pose no medical risks.
- They are purely cosmetic
- No association with underlying health conditions.
Treatment:
- In most cases, no treatment is needed because the birthmarks tend to fade naturally.
- If they persist and are cosmetically concerning, especially on visible areas like the face, laser treatments can be an option, but this is rarely necessary.
Summary:
Nevus simplex birthmarks are common, harmless vascular birthmarks caused by dilated capillaries during fetal development. They usually fade as the child grows and do not require any treatment.
Infantile Haemangioma - Raised red lumps or Strawberry Marks)
- This leaflet explains haemangioma of infancy (infantile haemangioma), including its nature, causes, treatment options, and where to find more information.
- Haemangioma of infancy is a benign overgrowth of blood vessel cells, often called a strawberry naevus, which typically stops growing on its own.
- The cause is not well understood, but it involves an overgrowth of endothelial cells either during pregnancy or shortly after birth. It is more common in certain demographics.
- It is not usually hereditary and affects about 5% of babies. It is not contagious or cancerous.
- Haemangiomas often appear as red or bluish patches on the skin, particularly on the face, and can range from small marks to larger, segmental areas. They usually shrink over time but may leave behind residual marks or scars.
- Symptoms are usually minimal, though they can include ulceration, pain, or issues with functions if located near vital areas like the eyes or mouth.
- Diagnosis is based on appearance and growth patterns, with possible scans or biopsies for deeper lesions.
- Most haemangiomas resolve without treatment. However, treatment options include topical solutions, oral medications, laser therapy, and surgery if necessary, particularly for larger or problematic haemangiomas.
If you are concerned please consult with your family GP regarding a Dermatology Referral for further assessment.
Please link below for further information.
- Haemangioma of infancy is a benign overgrowth of blood vessel cells, often called a strawberry naevus, which typically stops growing on its own.
- The cause is not well understood, but it involves an overgrowth of endothelial cells either during pregnancy or shortly after birth. It is more common in certain demographics.
- It is not usually hereditary and affects about 5% of babies. It is not contagious or cancerous.
- Haemangiomas often appear as red or bluish patches on the skin, particularly on the face, and can range from small marks to larger, segmental areas. They usually shrink over time but may leave behind residual marks or scars.
- Symptoms are usually minimal, though they can include ulceration, pain, or issues with functions if located near vital areas like the eyes or mouth.
- Diagnosis is based on appearance and growth patterns, with possible scans or biopsies for deeper lesions.
- Most haemangiomas resolve without treatment. However, treatment options include topical solutions, oral medications, laser therapy, and surgery if necessary, particularly for larger or problematic haemangiomas.
If you are concerned please consult with your family GP regarding a Dermatology Referral for further assessment.
Please link below for further information.
Mongolian Blue Spots (Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis
Areas of blue-grey pigmentation. Commonly in non-Caucasian children.
- Usually over back/buttocks/wrists/ feet/ shoulders/ arms, it can be extensive.
- Usually fade over first year of life but can take longer.
- Documentation is crucial at time of postnatal check and ensure this is communicated to Community Midwifery staff. The reason for proper documentation is due to appear similar to a bruise and can be mistaken for Non-Accident Injury. If a professional is unsure it is normal to ask advise to senior staff.
The leaflet attached provides information about congenital dermal melanocytotic, previously known as Mongolian blue spot.
Advice to Parents:
- It is a harmless, pigmented birthmark usually seen at birth or shortly after, often fading by age 1-6.
- Caused by melanocytes remaining in the dermis, producing melanin which appears blue-grey through the skin.
- It may have an inherited component, particularly in children of Asian, African, Middle Eastern, or Mediterranean descent.
- The condition has no physical symptoms and typically appears as flat, blue-grey patches on the lower back and buttocks, occasionally on other body parts.
- Diagnosed by appearance but must be noted correctly to avoid misdiagnosis as bruising.
- No treatment is necessary as the patches often fade; skin camouflage can be used if needed.
Please refer to leaflet attached.
- Usually over back/buttocks/wrists/ feet/ shoulders/ arms, it can be extensive.
- Usually fade over first year of life but can take longer.
- Documentation is crucial at time of postnatal check and ensure this is communicated to Community Midwifery staff. The reason for proper documentation is due to appear similar to a bruise and can be mistaken for Non-Accident Injury. If a professional is unsure it is normal to ask advise to senior staff.
The leaflet attached provides information about congenital dermal melanocytotic, previously known as Mongolian blue spot.
Advice to Parents:
- It is a harmless, pigmented birthmark usually seen at birth or shortly after, often fading by age 1-6.
- Caused by melanocytes remaining in the dermis, producing melanin which appears blue-grey through the skin.
- It may have an inherited component, particularly in children of Asian, African, Middle Eastern, or Mediterranean descent.
- The condition has no physical symptoms and typically appears as flat, blue-grey patches on the lower back and buttocks, occasionally on other body parts.
- Diagnosed by appearance but must be noted correctly to avoid misdiagnosis as bruising.
- No treatment is necessary as the patches often fade; skin camouflage can be used if needed.
Please refer to leaflet attached.
Babies Sleep Patterns and Guidance
The NHS provides specific sleep time recommendations for babies based on their age:
- Newborns (0-3 months): 14-17 hours of sleep per day, including daytime naps. Newborns often sleep on and off throughout the day and night, waking every 1-3 hours for feeding.
- Infants (4-12 months): 12-15 hours of sleep per day, including daytime naps. Around 4 months, babies begin to develop more regular sleep patterns, with 9-12 hours of night sleep and 2-3 daytime naps lasting 30 minutes to 2 hours each.
- Babies 6-12 months: Typically, they sleep for 9-12 hours at night, often with a night feeding, and take 2 naps during the day, lasting from 20 minutes to a few hours.
These sleep durations serve as guidelines and may vary slightly depending on the child.
Establishing a consistent routine and a sleep-friendly environment helps promote better sleep.
During the first 12 months of life, babies experience several growth spurts, which can affect their sleep patterns.
Growth spurts are periods of rapid physical development that often lead to increased hunger and disrupted sleep. During growth spurts, babies may experience:
- Increased sleepiness: Babies may sleep more than usual to support their rapid physical development. Sleep is essential for muscle growth, tissue repair, and the release of growth hormones.
- Frequent night waking: Growth spurts can cause babies to wake up more often at night. They may be hungrier and wake for extra feedings, as their bodies require more nutrients during this time.
- Shorter naps: Babies might take shorter naps or wake up more frequently during naps due to discomfort or hunger.
Coping with growth spurt-related sleep disruptions includes:
- Responding to hunger cues: Babies may need more frequent feeding (breastfeeding or bottle) during growth spurts, both day and night.
- Offering comfort: Provide extra comfort and closeness, as growth spurts may also coincide with periods of fussiness and clinginess.
- Sticking to the routine: While sleep may be disrupted, try to maintain a consistent sleep routine as much as possible to help your baby adjust.
Growth spurts are temporary, and once they pass, most babies return to their previous sleep patterns.
- Newborns (0-3 months): 14-17 hours of sleep per day, including daytime naps. Newborns often sleep on and off throughout the day and night, waking every 1-3 hours for feeding.
- Infants (4-12 months): 12-15 hours of sleep per day, including daytime naps. Around 4 months, babies begin to develop more regular sleep patterns, with 9-12 hours of night sleep and 2-3 daytime naps lasting 30 minutes to 2 hours each.
- Babies 6-12 months: Typically, they sleep for 9-12 hours at night, often with a night feeding, and take 2 naps during the day, lasting from 20 minutes to a few hours.
These sleep durations serve as guidelines and may vary slightly depending on the child.
Establishing a consistent routine and a sleep-friendly environment helps promote better sleep.
During the first 12 months of life, babies experience several growth spurts, which can affect their sleep patterns.
Growth spurts are periods of rapid physical development that often lead to increased hunger and disrupted sleep. During growth spurts, babies may experience:
- Increased sleepiness: Babies may sleep more than usual to support their rapid physical development. Sleep is essential for muscle growth, tissue repair, and the release of growth hormones.
- Frequent night waking: Growth spurts can cause babies to wake up more often at night. They may be hungrier and wake for extra feedings, as their bodies require more nutrients during this time.
- Shorter naps: Babies might take shorter naps or wake up more frequently during naps due to discomfort or hunger.
Coping with growth spurt-related sleep disruptions includes:
- Responding to hunger cues: Babies may need more frequent feeding (breastfeeding or bottle) during growth spurts, both day and night.
- Offering comfort: Provide extra comfort and closeness, as growth spurts may also coincide with periods of fussiness and clinginess.
- Sticking to the routine: While sleep may be disrupted, try to maintain a consistent sleep routine as much as possible to help your baby adjust.
Growth spurts are temporary, and once they pass, most babies return to their previous sleep patterns.
Newborn Umbilical Cord Care
Please click and follow the link with up-to-date guidance signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0
Umbilical Granuloma
Please click and follow the link with up-to-date guidance signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0
Umbilical Infant Hernia
Please click and follow the link with up-to-date guidance signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0
Tongue Tie
What is a tongue-tie?
Tongue-tie, medically known as ankyloglossia, is a condition present from birth that limits the movement of a baby’s tongue.
Most people have a frenulum – a piece of tissue under their tongue that stretches from the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
Tongue-tie occurs if the frenulum either extends forwards towards the tip of the tongue, is attached close to the lower gum, or is short and tight so it interferes with normal tongue movement.
• If a baby has a tongue-tie, they may not be able to extend or lift their tongue or move it from side to side.
• Some will be able to lift the sides, but not the tip (v-shaped tongue).
• Some will be unable to lift the posterior of the tongue (bowl-shaped tongue).
• In babies where they frenulum extends all the way to the tip, the tongue may look heart-shaped.
About one in ten babies are affected by tongue-tie, with boys more commonly affected than girls. Additionally, about half of babies with tongue-tie have a family history of the condition.
Breastfeeding can be challenging if your baby struggles to latch due to factors like inadequate mouth opening, tongue positioning, or irregular sucking patterns. This can lead to nipple feeding, impacting milk intake and causing nipple damage.
Similarly, bottle feeding difficulties may arise if your baby has trouble forming a proper seal around the teat, resulting in inefficient sucking and prolonged feeding times with milk dribbling.
• If you suspect tongue-tie-related feeding issues, it's crucial to seek assessment from your midwife or health visitor or local feeding support group.
• Depending on the diagnosis, you may be referred to a specialist and received feeding support.
Tongue-tie can affect both breastfeeding and bottle-feeding. For some babies, the effects will be quite mild. For others, tongue-tie can make feeding extremely challenging or even impossible.
Breastfeeding challenges which can arise from the inability to latch properly or cover the lower gum with the tongue, leading to inefficient feeding and nipple pain.
In order to breastfeed, a baby needs to be able to open their mouth wide, extend their tongue over their bottom lip and scoop the breast into their mouth. Then the tongue needs to massage the breast in a wave-like motion to remove milk from the breast.
Breastfeeding challenges:
• struggle to latch onto the breast or maintain attachment
• feed intermittently for extended durations, taking brief breaks before resuming
• appear agitated and frequently exhibit signs of hunger
• show slower weight gain than expected
• experience excessive gas with frequent hiccups and flatulence
• have trouble managing milk flow, leading to coughing and choking
• produce clicking noises while feeding
Mother may experience:
• tender and injured nipples
• insufficient milk production
• recurrent mastitis episodes
• fatigue from frequent feeding and caring for an unsettled baby
Bottle-fed babies also may struggle to:
• create a seal around the teat, resulting in slow feeding and milk dribbling.
• require an extended period for feeding
• consume minimal milk during each feeding session
• experience significant dribbling while feeding
• exhibit excessive gas
• fail to gain weight at an expected rate
Assessing the severity of your baby’s tongue-tie:
• Seeking help for feeding problems is essential by Health Visitor, Midwife, Local Support Feeding Group and a feeding assessment will be conducted to determine if tongue-tie is the cause.
• The Feeding support practitioner should complete a referral to a tongue-tie specialist if it causing feeding challenges, baby is no thriving and Mother is experiencing pain or discomfort.
Tongue-tie types
• Tongue-ties can be described as anterior (where the frenulum extends towards the front of the tongue) or posterior (towards the back of the mouth).
• Tongue-ties might also be described using a percentage or a number (type I, II, III and IV). This percentage or number describes how far along the underside of the tongue the frenulum comes. So 100%, or type I, would indicate that the frenulum comes all the way to the front of the tongue.
• A posterior tongue-tie, which may be described as a 10% tongue-tie, can restrict tongue function just as much as an anterior one. That means these anatomical descriptions of how the tongue looks don't always relate to how severely a tongue-tie will affect tongue function and your baby's feeding.
Tongue-tie diagnosis
• Some babies have a visible frenulum that doesn’t cause problems with feeding. Tongue-tie shares many of the symptoms of other breastfeeding problems, so it’s not always easy to determine whether these problems are caused by a tongue-tie or something else.
• A full feeding assessment should be done before or as part of a tongue-tie assessment. If you and/or your baby are experiencing feeding difficulties, a feeding assessment and some breastfeeding support from a breastfeeding counsellor or trained breastfeeding professional is recommended. Support to improve your baby’s attachment to the breast may resolve the problem.
• A baby’s inability to open their mouth widely and extend their tongue may also be caused by tension around the mouth and neck, resulting from birth tensions or interventions during labour. This might be resolved by manual therapy, such as osteopathy or chiropractic from a registered practitioner.
• If the breastfeeding professional (breastfeeding counsellor, midwife or health visitor) suspects your baby has a tongue-tie, they will refer you to a local tongue-tie practitioner.
• Tongue-tie practitioners will do a formal assessment of tongue-tie based on how the tongue functions as well as how it looks (e.g. the Hazelbaker Assessment Tool for Lingual Frenulum Function).
• Most midwives and health visitors are not tongue-tie practitioners so are unable to make a diagnosis of tongue-tie themselves.
Tongue-tie release (frenulotomy):
• This procedure, recommended particularly for babies under six months, is a quick and simple process without the need for anesthesia.
• Post-procedure, a feeding plan will be discussed, and ongoing support provided. The decision to proceed with the release is up to the parents, with continued feeding support offered regardless.
After the procedure:
• Minor post-procedure effects like a white blister under the tongue and fussiness may occur.
• Rare risks include bleeding, infection, and potential reoccurrence of the tongue-tie.
If a parent has concerns regarding their baby having a lip tie, they should seek advice from their family GP, midwife, or health visitor for a review, access breastfeeding/feeding support, and referral to the relevant pediatric team to assess the lip and consider possible division.
*** Consult your GP or call 111 if you have concerns about your baby's condition. If you are extremely worried about your baby's health, symptoms, and believe they need urgent medical attention, dial 999 or visit the emergency department.
Guidance sourced in the:
NHS. (2024). New Baby Information: Tongue-tie. Retrieved from https://www.what0-18.nhs.uk/worried-your-baby-unwell-under-3-months-2/new-baby-information/tongue-tie [accessed 27/5/2024]
NHS. (2024). Tongue-tie. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tongue-tie/ [accessed 27/5/2024]
Please click and follow the link below for up to date guidance on tongue tie. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Tongue-tie, medically known as ankyloglossia, is a condition present from birth that limits the movement of a baby’s tongue.
Most people have a frenulum – a piece of tissue under their tongue that stretches from the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
Tongue-tie occurs if the frenulum either extends forwards towards the tip of the tongue, is attached close to the lower gum, or is short and tight so it interferes with normal tongue movement.
• If a baby has a tongue-tie, they may not be able to extend or lift their tongue or move it from side to side.
• Some will be able to lift the sides, but not the tip (v-shaped tongue).
• Some will be unable to lift the posterior of the tongue (bowl-shaped tongue).
• In babies where they frenulum extends all the way to the tip, the tongue may look heart-shaped.
About one in ten babies are affected by tongue-tie, with boys more commonly affected than girls. Additionally, about half of babies with tongue-tie have a family history of the condition.
Breastfeeding can be challenging if your baby struggles to latch due to factors like inadequate mouth opening, tongue positioning, or irregular sucking patterns. This can lead to nipple feeding, impacting milk intake and causing nipple damage.
Similarly, bottle feeding difficulties may arise if your baby has trouble forming a proper seal around the teat, resulting in inefficient sucking and prolonged feeding times with milk dribbling.
• If you suspect tongue-tie-related feeding issues, it's crucial to seek assessment from your midwife or health visitor or local feeding support group.
• Depending on the diagnosis, you may be referred to a specialist and received feeding support.
Tongue-tie can affect both breastfeeding and bottle-feeding. For some babies, the effects will be quite mild. For others, tongue-tie can make feeding extremely challenging or even impossible.
Breastfeeding challenges which can arise from the inability to latch properly or cover the lower gum with the tongue, leading to inefficient feeding and nipple pain.
In order to breastfeed, a baby needs to be able to open their mouth wide, extend their tongue over their bottom lip and scoop the breast into their mouth. Then the tongue needs to massage the breast in a wave-like motion to remove milk from the breast.
Breastfeeding challenges:
• struggle to latch onto the breast or maintain attachment
• feed intermittently for extended durations, taking brief breaks before resuming
• appear agitated and frequently exhibit signs of hunger
• show slower weight gain than expected
• experience excessive gas with frequent hiccups and flatulence
• have trouble managing milk flow, leading to coughing and choking
• produce clicking noises while feeding
Mother may experience:
• tender and injured nipples
• insufficient milk production
• recurrent mastitis episodes
• fatigue from frequent feeding and caring for an unsettled baby
Bottle-fed babies also may struggle to:
• create a seal around the teat, resulting in slow feeding and milk dribbling.
• require an extended period for feeding
• consume minimal milk during each feeding session
• experience significant dribbling while feeding
• exhibit excessive gas
• fail to gain weight at an expected rate
Assessing the severity of your baby’s tongue-tie:
• Seeking help for feeding problems is essential by Health Visitor, Midwife, Local Support Feeding Group and a feeding assessment will be conducted to determine if tongue-tie is the cause.
• The Feeding support practitioner should complete a referral to a tongue-tie specialist if it causing feeding challenges, baby is no thriving and Mother is experiencing pain or discomfort.
Tongue-tie types
• Tongue-ties can be described as anterior (where the frenulum extends towards the front of the tongue) or posterior (towards the back of the mouth).
• Tongue-ties might also be described using a percentage or a number (type I, II, III and IV). This percentage or number describes how far along the underside of the tongue the frenulum comes. So 100%, or type I, would indicate that the frenulum comes all the way to the front of the tongue.
• A posterior tongue-tie, which may be described as a 10% tongue-tie, can restrict tongue function just as much as an anterior one. That means these anatomical descriptions of how the tongue looks don't always relate to how severely a tongue-tie will affect tongue function and your baby's feeding.
Tongue-tie diagnosis
• Some babies have a visible frenulum that doesn’t cause problems with feeding. Tongue-tie shares many of the symptoms of other breastfeeding problems, so it’s not always easy to determine whether these problems are caused by a tongue-tie or something else.
• A full feeding assessment should be done before or as part of a tongue-tie assessment. If you and/or your baby are experiencing feeding difficulties, a feeding assessment and some breastfeeding support from a breastfeeding counsellor or trained breastfeeding professional is recommended. Support to improve your baby’s attachment to the breast may resolve the problem.
• A baby’s inability to open their mouth widely and extend their tongue may also be caused by tension around the mouth and neck, resulting from birth tensions or interventions during labour. This might be resolved by manual therapy, such as osteopathy or chiropractic from a registered practitioner.
• If the breastfeeding professional (breastfeeding counsellor, midwife or health visitor) suspects your baby has a tongue-tie, they will refer you to a local tongue-tie practitioner.
• Tongue-tie practitioners will do a formal assessment of tongue-tie based on how the tongue functions as well as how it looks (e.g. the Hazelbaker Assessment Tool for Lingual Frenulum Function).
• Most midwives and health visitors are not tongue-tie practitioners so are unable to make a diagnosis of tongue-tie themselves.
Tongue-tie release (frenulotomy):
• This procedure, recommended particularly for babies under six months, is a quick and simple process without the need for anesthesia.
• Post-procedure, a feeding plan will be discussed, and ongoing support provided. The decision to proceed with the release is up to the parents, with continued feeding support offered regardless.
After the procedure:
• Minor post-procedure effects like a white blister under the tongue and fussiness may occur.
• Rare risks include bleeding, infection, and potential reoccurrence of the tongue-tie.
If a parent has concerns regarding their baby having a lip tie, they should seek advice from their family GP, midwife, or health visitor for a review, access breastfeeding/feeding support, and referral to the relevant pediatric team to assess the lip and consider possible division.
*** Consult your GP or call 111 if you have concerns about your baby's condition. If you are extremely worried about your baby's health, symptoms, and believe they need urgent medical attention, dial 999 or visit the emergency department.
Guidance sourced in the:
NHS. (2024). New Baby Information: Tongue-tie. Retrieved from https://www.what0-18.nhs.uk/worried-your-baby-unwell-under-3-months-2/new-baby-information/tongue-tie [accessed 27/5/2024]
NHS. (2024). Tongue-tie. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tongue-tie/ [accessed 27/5/2024]
Please click and follow the link below for up to date guidance on tongue tie. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Lip Tie
A lip tie occurs when the frenulum, a small piece of tissue connecting the upper lip to the gums, is too thick or tight, restricting the movement of the upper lip. In babies, this can affect feeding and cause various challenges, especially with breastfeeding.
1. Symptoms of Lip Tie in Babies:
- Difficulty latching: A baby with a lip tie may struggle to properly latch onto the breast, leading to ineffective feeding.
- Frequent, short feedings: Due to poor latch, the baby might feed more often but for shorter durations.
- Slow weight gain: Ineffective feeding can result in insufficient milk intake and slower weight gain.
- Gassy or fussy behavior: Swallowing air during feedings may cause the baby to be uncomfortable and gassy.
- Clicking sounds while feeding: This can happen when the baby has difficulty maintaining suction during breastfeeding.
2. Impact on Breastfeeding:
- Painful nipples for mothers: A poor latch can lead to sore or cracked nipples.
- Mastitis: Blocked milk ducts or infection may occur due to ineffective feeding.
- Inadequate milk intake for the baby: Poor latch can lead to the baby not getting enough milk, which affects milk supply.
- Prolonged or inefficient nursing sessions: The baby may take longer to feed or may not feed efficiently, causing frustration for both mother and baby.
3. Diagnosis and Treatment:
- A paediatrician or lactation consultant can diagnose a lip tie during a physical examination.
- Treatment options may include a frenectomy, a minor procedure to release the frenulum if the lip tie significantly affects feeding.
If a parent has concerns regarding their baby having a lip tie, they should seek advice from their family GP, midwife, or health visitor for a review, access breastfeeding/feeding support, and referral to the relevant paediatric team to assess the lip and consider possible division.
*** Consult your GP or call 111 if you have concerns about your baby's condition. If you are extremely worried about your baby's health, symptoms, and believe they need urgent medical attention, dial 999 or visit the emergency department.
Guidance sourced in the:
NHS. (2024). New Baby Information: Tongue-tie. Retrieved from https://www.what0-18.nhs.uk/worried-your-baby-unwell-under-3-months-2/new-baby-information/tongue-tie [accessed 27/5/2024]
NHS. (2024). Tongue-tie. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tongue-tie/ [accessed 27/5/2024]
Please click and follow the link below for up to date guidance on tongue tie. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
1. Symptoms of Lip Tie in Babies:
- Difficulty latching: A baby with a lip tie may struggle to properly latch onto the breast, leading to ineffective feeding.
- Frequent, short feedings: Due to poor latch, the baby might feed more often but for shorter durations.
- Slow weight gain: Ineffective feeding can result in insufficient milk intake and slower weight gain.
- Gassy or fussy behavior: Swallowing air during feedings may cause the baby to be uncomfortable and gassy.
- Clicking sounds while feeding: This can happen when the baby has difficulty maintaining suction during breastfeeding.
2. Impact on Breastfeeding:
- Painful nipples for mothers: A poor latch can lead to sore or cracked nipples.
- Mastitis: Blocked milk ducts or infection may occur due to ineffective feeding.
- Inadequate milk intake for the baby: Poor latch can lead to the baby not getting enough milk, which affects milk supply.
- Prolonged or inefficient nursing sessions: The baby may take longer to feed or may not feed efficiently, causing frustration for both mother and baby.
3. Diagnosis and Treatment:
- A paediatrician or lactation consultant can diagnose a lip tie during a physical examination.
- Treatment options may include a frenectomy, a minor procedure to release the frenulum if the lip tie significantly affects feeding.
If a parent has concerns regarding their baby having a lip tie, they should seek advice from their family GP, midwife, or health visitor for a review, access breastfeeding/feeding support, and referral to the relevant paediatric team to assess the lip and consider possible division.
*** Consult your GP or call 111 if you have concerns about your baby's condition. If you are extremely worried about your baby's health, symptoms, and believe they need urgent medical attention, dial 999 or visit the emergency department.
Guidance sourced in the:
NHS. (2024). New Baby Information: Tongue-tie. Retrieved from https://www.what0-18.nhs.uk/worried-your-baby-unwell-under-3-months-2/new-baby-information/tongue-tie [accessed 27/5/2024]
NHS. (2024). Tongue-tie. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tongue-tie/ [accessed 27/5/2024]
Please click and follow the link below for up to date guidance on tongue tie. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Breastfeeding
Please click and follow the link below for Guidance on:
How to Breastfeed:
• Knowing it's time to feed
• Step-by-step guide
• Video: Latching on animation
• Frequency of feeds
• Cluster feeding
• Breastfeeding Friend from Start for Life
• National Breastfeeding Helpline
• Breastfeeding positions
• When should I burp my baby?
• What's the best position to burp my baby?
• What if my baby won't burp?
Expressing breast milk
• Expressing by hand
• Expressing with a pump
Feeding advice and breastfeeding challenges
• Colic
• Constipation
• Mastitis
• Milk supply
• Reflux
• Sore nipples
• Thrush
• Tongue-tie
*** Consult Health Visitor, Midwife, Feeding Support Group on advice and support.
*** Consult your GP if you have concerns about your baby’s presentation and symptoms, or call 111, 999, or attend the Emergency Department if you are extremely concerned about your baby’s health.
Please click and follow the link with up-to-date guidance signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0
How to Breastfeed:
• Knowing it's time to feed
• Step-by-step guide
• Video: Latching on animation
• Frequency of feeds
• Cluster feeding
• Breastfeeding Friend from Start for Life
• National Breastfeeding Helpline
• Breastfeeding positions
• When should I burp my baby?
• What's the best position to burp my baby?
• What if my baby won't burp?
Expressing breast milk
• Expressing by hand
• Expressing with a pump
Feeding advice and breastfeeding challenges
• Colic
• Constipation
• Mastitis
• Milk supply
• Reflux
• Sore nipples
• Thrush
• Tongue-tie
*** Consult Health Visitor, Midwife, Feeding Support Group on advice and support.
*** Consult your GP if you have concerns about your baby’s presentation and symptoms, or call 111, 999, or attend the Emergency Department if you are extremely concerned about your baby’s health.
Please click and follow the link with up-to-date guidance signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0
Step-by-step guide to Breastfeeding Latching On
Please click the link below for Step-by-Step guide https://www.nhs.uk/start-for-life/baby/feeding-your-baby/breastfeeding/how-to-breastfeed/latching-on/
Breastfeeding helplines and websites
Helplines
National Breastfeeding Helpline: 0300 100 0212
Association of Breastfeeding Mothers: 0300 330 5453
La Leche League: 0345 120 2918
National Childbirth Trust (NCT): 0300 330 0700
The Breastfeeding Network supporter line in Bengali and Sylheti: 0300 456 2421
Websites:
Bliss is a special-care baby charity that supports families of premature and sick babies across the UK.
The Breastfeeding Network provides breastfeeding support and information.
La Leche League offers 1-to-1 support with breastfeeding.
Lactation Consultants of Great Britain: find a lactation consultant near you.
Twins Trust: feeding twins and triplets.
National Childbirth Trust (NCT) is a charity that provides information and support on all aspects of pregnancy, birth and early parenthood, including breastfeeding.
UK Association for Milk Banking has information about using donated breast milk if your baby is premature or ill, and how to donate breast milk.
Information:
*** Got a breastfeeding question?
Chat to the Start4Life Breastfeeding Friend chatbot on Amazon Alexa, Facebook Messenger, or Google Home for fast, friendly, trusted NHS advice anytime, day or night.
See BHC Help and Support Page to access the Link for Breastfeeding Support.
Breastfeeding helplines and websites
Helplines
National Breastfeeding Helpline: 0300 100 0212
Association of Breastfeeding Mothers: 0300 330 5453
La Leche League: 0345 120 2918
National Childbirth Trust (NCT): 0300 330 0700
The Breastfeeding Network supporter line in Bengali and Sylheti: 0300 456 2421
Websites:
Bliss is a special-care baby charity that supports families of premature and sick babies across the UK.
The Breastfeeding Network provides breastfeeding support and information.
La Leche League offers 1-to-1 support with breastfeeding.
Lactation Consultants of Great Britain: find a lactation consultant near you.
Twins Trust: feeding twins and triplets.
National Childbirth Trust (NCT) is a charity that provides information and support on all aspects of pregnancy, birth and early parenthood, including breastfeeding.
UK Association for Milk Banking has information about using donated breast milk if your baby is premature or ill, and how to donate breast milk.
Information:
*** Got a breastfeeding question?
Chat to the Start4Life Breastfeeding Friend chatbot on Amazon Alexa, Facebook Messenger, or Google Home for fast, friendly, trusted NHS advice anytime, day or night.
See BHC Help and Support Page to access the Link for Breastfeeding Support.
Vitamin D for Breastfed Babies from Birth
Importance of Vitamin D Supplementation for Breastfed Babies:
- Health experts recommend that all breastfed infants be given a daily supplement of vitamin D in the range of 8.5 to 10 micrograms (mcg).
- However, if a baby is consuming more than 500 millilitres (about a pint) of first infant formula per day, an additional vitamin D supplement is not necessary.
From birth, it is crucial to ensure that breastfed babies receive adequate amounts of vitamin D.
This recommendation stems from the recognition that breast milk, while being the optimal source of nutrition for infants, does not provide sufficient levels of vitamin D on its own.
Vitamin D plays a vital role in the healthy development of infants. It is essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are necessary for building strong bones and teeth. A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to rickets, a condition characterized by softening and weakening of the bones, which can result in skeletal deformities and growth disturbances.
Vitamin D is crucial for:
1. Bone Health: It helps in the proper formation and maintenance of bones by facilitating the absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
2. Immune Function: It supports the immune system, helping to ward off infections and diseases.
3. Muscle Function: It plays a role in muscle function, helping to prevent muscle weakness.
4. Cell Growth: It is involved in cell growth and differentiation, which is important for overall growth and development.
Infants have a limited ability to produce vitamin D through sun exposure, particularly in areas with low sunlight or during the winter months. Additionally, their delicate skin needs to be protected from direct sunlight to prevent burns and damage, further limiting their natural production of vitamin D.
Therefore, ensuring that breastfed babies receive a vitamin D supplement is essential for their overall health and development.
Please click and follow the link below for up-to-date guidance. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
- Health experts recommend that all breastfed infants be given a daily supplement of vitamin D in the range of 8.5 to 10 micrograms (mcg).
- However, if a baby is consuming more than 500 millilitres (about a pint) of first infant formula per day, an additional vitamin D supplement is not necessary.
From birth, it is crucial to ensure that breastfed babies receive adequate amounts of vitamin D.
This recommendation stems from the recognition that breast milk, while being the optimal source of nutrition for infants, does not provide sufficient levels of vitamin D on its own.
Vitamin D plays a vital role in the healthy development of infants. It is essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are necessary for building strong bones and teeth. A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to rickets, a condition characterized by softening and weakening of the bones, which can result in skeletal deformities and growth disturbances.
Vitamin D is crucial for:
1. Bone Health: It helps in the proper formation and maintenance of bones by facilitating the absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
2. Immune Function: It supports the immune system, helping to ward off infections and diseases.
3. Muscle Function: It plays a role in muscle function, helping to prevent muscle weakness.
4. Cell Growth: It is involved in cell growth and differentiation, which is important for overall growth and development.
Infants have a limited ability to produce vitamin D through sun exposure, particularly in areas with low sunlight or during the winter months. Additionally, their delicate skin needs to be protected from direct sunlight to prevent burns and damage, further limiting their natural production of vitamin D.
Therefore, ensuring that breastfed babies receive a vitamin D supplement is essential for their overall health and development.
Please click and follow the link below for up-to-date guidance. Signposted from BHC, containing public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
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